Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee observed with the Tibet air-shower experiment

Amenomori, M.; Bi, X. J.; Chen, D.; Cui, S. W.; Danzengluobu,; Ding, L. K.; Ding, X. H.; Fan, C.; Feng, C. F.; Zhaoyang Feng,; Feng, Z. Y.; Gao, X. Y.; Geng, Q. X.; Gou, Q. B.; Guo, H. W.; He, H. H.; He, M.; Hibino, K.; Hotta, N.; Haibing Hu,; Hu, H. B.; Huang, J.; Huang, Q.; Jia, H. Y.; Jiang, L.; Kajino, F.; Kasahara, K.; Katayose, Y.; Kato, C.; Kawata, K.; Labaciren,; Le, G. M.; Li, A. F.; Li, H. C.; Li, J. Y.; Liu, C.; Lou, Y.-Q.; Lu, H.; Meng, X. R.; Mizutani, K.; Mu, J.; Munakata, K.; Nanjo, H.; Nishizawa, M.; Ohnishi, M.; Ohta, I.; Ozawa, S.; Saito, T.; Saito, T. Y.; Sakata, M.; Sako, T. K.; Shibata, M.; Shiomi, A.; Shirai, T.; Sugimoto, H.; Takita, M.; Tan, Y. H.; Tateyama, N.; Torii, S.; Tsuchiya, H.; Udo, S.; Wang, B.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y. G.; Wu, H. R.; Xue, L.; Yamamoto, Y.; Yan, C. T.; Yang, X. C.; Yasue, S.; Ye, Z. H.; Yu, G. C.; Yuan, A. F.; Yuda, T.; Zhang, H. M.; Zhang, J. L.; Zhang, N. J.; Zhang, X. Y.; Zhang, Y.; Yi Zhang,; Ying Zhang,; Zhaxisangzhu,; Zhou, X. X.

doi:doi:10.5194/astra-7-15-2011

Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans., 7, 15-20, 2011
www.astrophys-space-sci-trans.net/7/15/2011/
doi:10.5194/astra-7-15-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed
under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Volume 7, issue 1

19 Jan 2011

Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee observed with the Tibet air-shower experiment
M. Amenomori¹, X. J. Bi², D. Chen³, S. W. Cui⁴, Danzengluobu⁵, L. K. Ding², X. H. Ding⁵, C. Fan⁶, C. F. Feng⁶, Zhaoyang Feng², Z. Y. Feng⁷, X. Y. Gao⁸, Q. X. Geng⁸, Q. B. Gou², H. W. Guo⁵, H. H. He², M. He⁶, K. Hibino⁹, N. Hotta¹⁰, Haibing Hu⁵, H. B. Hu², J. Huang², Q. Huang⁷, H. Y. Jia⁷, L. Jiang^2,8, F. Kajino¹¹, K. Kasahara¹², Y. Katayose¹³, C. Kato¹⁴, K. Kawata³, Labaciren⁵, G. M. Le¹⁵, A. F. Li⁶, H. C. Li^2,4, J. Y. Li⁶, C. Liu², Y.-Q. Lou¹⁶, H. Lu², X. R. Meng⁵, K. Mizutani^12,17, J. Mu⁸, K. Munakata¹⁴, H. Nanjo¹, M. Nishizawa¹⁸, M. Ohnishi³, I. Ohta¹⁹, S. Ozawa¹², T. Saito²⁰, T. Y. Saito²¹, M. Sakata¹¹, T. K. Sako¹³, M. Shibata¹³, A. Shiomi²², T. Shirai⁹, H. Sugimoto²³, M. Takita³, Y. H. Tan², N. Tateyama⁹, S. Torii¹², H. Tsuchiya²⁴, S. Udo⁹, B. Wang², H. Wang², Y. Wang², Y. G. Wang⁶, H. R. Wu², L. Xue⁶, Y. Yamamoto¹¹, C. T. Yan²⁵, X. C. Yang⁸, S. Yasue²⁶, Z. H. Ye²⁷, G. C. Yu⁷, A. F. Yuan⁵, T. Yuda⁹, H. M. Zhang², J. L. Zhang², N. J. Zhang⁶, X. Y. Zhang⁶, Y. Zhang², Yi Zhang², Ying Zhang^2,7, Zhaxisangzhu⁵, and X. X. Zhou⁷
The Tibet ASγ Collaboration
¹Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
²Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8582, Japan
⁴Department of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
⁵Department of Mathematics and Physics, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
⁶Department of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
⁷Institute of Modern Physics, SouthWest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
⁸Department of Physics, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
⁹Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
¹⁰Faculty of Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
¹¹Department of Physics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
¹²Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
¹³Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
¹⁴Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
¹⁵National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
¹⁶Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
¹⁷Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
¹⁸National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan
¹⁹Sakushin Gakuin University, Utsunomiya 321-3295, Japan
²⁰Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Tokyo 116-8523, Japan
²¹Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, 80805 Munich, Germany
²²College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino 275-8576, Japan
²³Shonan Institute of Technology, Fujisawa 251-8511, Japan
²⁴RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
²⁵Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Technology, Yanjiao 065201, China
²⁶School of General Education, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
²⁷Center of Space Science and Application Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China

Received: 20 Oct 2010 – Accepted: 01 Dec 2010 – Published: 19 Jan 2011

Abstract. The energy spectrum of cosmic rays around the knee measured by Tibet air-shower experiment is summarized and its characteristic features are discussed under two possible scenarios. The result of Tibet experiment measured over wide range of 10¹⁴–10¹⁷ eV with high statistics provided details of the knee at the energy around 4×10¹⁵ eV. The study of the chemical composition based on measurements of proton and helium spectra obtained from air-shower core detection indicates the dominance of heavy nuclei around the knee. Such feature can be explained either by contribution of nearby sources with source composition dominated by heavy nuclei or by nonlinear effect in diffusive shock acceleration mechanism.

Citation: Amenomori, M., Bi, X. J., Chen, D., Cui, S. W., Danzengluobu, Ding, L. K., Ding, X. H., Fan, C., Feng, C. F., Zhaoyang Feng, Feng, Z. Y., Gao, X. Y., Geng, Q. X., Gou, Q. B., Guo, H. W., He, H. H., He, M., Hibino, K., Hotta, N., Haibing Hu, Hu, H. B., Huang, J., Huang, Q., Jia, H. Y., Jiang, L., Kajino, F., Kasahara, K., Katayose, Y., Kato, C., Kawata, K., Labaciren, Le, G. M., Li, A. F., Li, H. C., Li, J. Y., Liu, C., Lou, Y.-Q., Lu, H., Meng, X. R., Mizutani, K., Mu, J., Munakata, K., Nanjo, H., Nishizawa, M., Ohnishi, M., Ohta, I., Ozawa, S., Saito, T., Saito, T. Y., Sakata, M., Sako, T. K., Shibata, M., Shiomi, A., Shirai, T., Sugimoto, H., Takita, M., Tan, Y. H., Tateyama, N., Torii, S., Tsuchiya, H., Udo, S., Wang, B., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y. G., Wu, H. R., Xue, L., Yamamoto, Y., Yan, C. T., Yang, X. C., Yasue, S., Ye, Z. H., Yu, G. C., Yuan, A. F., Yuda, T., Zhang, H. M., Zhang, J. L., Zhang, N. J., Zhang, X. Y., Zhang, Y., Yi Zhang, Ying Zhang, Zhaxisangzhu, and Zhou, X. X.: Cosmic-ray energy spectrum around the knee observed with the Tibet air-shower experiment, Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans., 7, 15-20, doi:10.5194/astra-7-15-2011, 2011.

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